ANSWER
OUTLINE:-
THE MERU:-
I.
INTRODUCTION:-
A. The origin
of Meru
II.
ECONOMIC FACTORS.
a) One of
the factors was
fertile land to
facilitate agriculture activity.
b) Also they
needs area for
animals kept
III.
SOCIAL
FACTORS WHICH MOVE .
a) There were
increase of population
which led Meru
people to move
mount Kenya to
Tanzania.
IV.
POLITICAL FACTORS
OF MOVE.
a) This coalition
called Kikuyu Embu
Meru Association. This
cause movement because
some Meru become
leader
V.
THE NEIGHBOURING
OF MERU PEOPLE.
a) There is
society are neighbor
of meru society in
Kenya are kikuyu,
Akamba, Embu and
Swahili and in Tanzania
the neighbouring society
is Wambulu and
wachaga and Maasai
VI.
HEALING PROCESS
OF MERU PEOPLE.
a) Society member
of Meru people
use different local
medicine for treat
disease like Malaria,
ascer and typhod
and earthworm.
VII.
WIDENING PROCESS
OF MERU SOCIETY.
The weeding
process of meru
people are follow
different steps.
VIII. THE MAJOR
FOOD OF THE
MERU PEOPLE.
a) The major
food of the Meru
people or society
is called Loshoro which
made with Maize,
Banan and Milk.
IX.
THE MAJOR
CLOTHES OF THE
MERU PEOPLE.
a) The major
clothes of that
trible is skin
of cow.
X.
THE FAMOUS
PEOPLE OF THAT
TRIBE IN TANZANIA.
a) The Joseph
Kilelu was the
first person to
United to struggle
the right and
freedom of the
Meru people or
societies.
XI.
ECONOMIC
ACTIVITIES OF THE
SOCIETY.
a) The Meru
people engaged themselves
in agriculture activity
b) Also meru
kept animals like
cows, goats
XII.
SOCIAL ACTIVITIES
OF A SOCIETY
MEMBERS.
a) Also some
of them practice
African traditional religion.
XIII.
POLITICAL ACTIVITIES
OF THE SOCIETY MEMBER.
a) introducing multparties
in the General election in
2002 that saw
a number of
Meru leader in
the Government.
XIV.
CULTURAL ACTIVITIES
OF A SOCIETY
MEMBER.
a) Meru had
cultural practices in
their society like
language, the bantu
Meru understandable to
one another within
the society.
b) In traditional
rural areas the
Meru have strict
Circumcision that affect
all of life.
XV.
CONCLUSION:-
A Summary of an Essay
XVI.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:-
HAYA
KINGDOM
I.
INTRODUCTION:-
A. Original
of Haya Kingdom
B. Location
of Haya kingdom
II.
ECONOMIC
ACTIVITIES OF HAYA KINGDOM:-
a) The
Haya involves in agriculture activities and animal keeping. cattle goats.
b) Trade
also was involved the people grew and traded coffee long before the arrival of
the European and today have established tea and coffee processing plants
c) The
Haya people of Tanzania have been linked to one of the greatest scientific
breaking through of all time , the advent of steel
III.
SOCIAL
ACTIVITIES OF HAYA KINGDOM:-.
a) The
predominant religious are Catholic traditional region Muslim.
b) The
Wazee act as spirit mediums.
c) The
house is surrounded by a banana plantation an area in front of the house used for
relaxation and food drying is kept free of debris by daily sweeping.
d) The
Haya don’t drink the beverage westerns call coffee; instead they cook and chew
the beans and use them for family exchanges ritual offering and snacks.
IV.
POLITICAL
ACTIVITIES OF HAYA KINGDOM:-
a) The
Wazee act as a political leader who control the society.
V.
CONCLUSION:-
A Summary of an Essay
VI.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:-
KILWA EMPIRE:-
I.
INTRODUCTION:-
A. Meaning
of Kilwa empire
B. Location
of kilwa empire
II.
HISTORY OF
KILWA:-
III.
THE SOCIETY
OF KILWA AND
ITS ECONOMY:-
a) Despite its
origin as a
Persian colony extensive
intermarriage and conversion
of local Bantu
b) The mixture
of Perso-Arab and
Bantu cultural
c) The Kilwa
Sultanate was almost
wholly depended on
external commerce.
d) There were
then swapped in the highland
market towns for
Bantu produced agricultural
commodities
IV.
THE CONDITION
OF KILWA WHEN
PORTUGUESE ARRIVE 1489-
1490’S:-
a)
The
condition of kilwa
empire when Portuguese
arrived was Portuguese
Scout Pero Da
Covilha, disguised as an Arabs
merchants,
b) The first
Portuguese ships under
Vasco Da Gama
c)
So
these led Emir
Ibrahim to got
away an agreement
from Sultanate Emir
Ibrahim due to strong Sultanate
of Kilwa empire.
V.
CONCLUSION:-
A
Summary of an Essay
VI.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:-
SWAHILI COAST
CITY-STATES.
I.
INTRODUCTION:-
a) Background
of Swahili coast city-state
b) location
II.
ECONOMIC
ACTIVITIES :-
a) They
manufactured cotton cloth, glass and shells beads for trade with the East
Arican interir.
b) Also
Swahili are rural farmers and Fisherman.
c) The
Swahili and the dhow for ocean going trade in distant lands.
III.
CULTURE
a) Most
were Muslims and language they used is Swahili.
THE EMPIRE OF KITARA:-
I.
INTRODUCTION:-
A. Background
of empire of kitar
B. Original
of empire of Kitara
II.
ECONOMICALLY ACTIVITIES:-
a) Some
community were hunters using nets,
b) The
kitara empire produced a number of wooden item
c) The
kingdom of kitara was the supplier of food stuffs to other neighbouring
kingdom.
III.
SOCIALLY
ACTIVITIES:-
a) People
were organized in strong Clines with the royal clan of the King, princes and
princesses the King hold executive, judicially and legislative power.
IV.
POLITICALLY
ACTIVITIES:-
a) The
king absolute authority over his subject.
V.
REASON
FOR THE COLLAPSE OF THE EMPIRE:-
a) The
poverty situation of the Kitara empire.
b) The
impose of colonial rule.
c) Illiteracy
of the majority.
VI.
CONCLUSION:-
A Summary of an Essay
VII.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:-
ZANZIBAR
EMPIRE:-
I.
INTRODUCTION:-
A.
Background of Zanzibar empire.
B.
Location
II.
SOCIAL
FACTORS FOR THE RISE OF ZANZIBAR EMPIRE:-
a) Use
of Arabic culture and civilization
b)
Religion.
c)
Unity.
III.
POLITICAL
FACTORS FOR THE RISE OF ZANZIBAR EMPIRE:-
a)
Good security system.
b) Existence
of Sultanate rule.
c)
Good leadership.
IV.
ECONOMIC
FACTORS FOR THE RISE:-
a)
Good geographical location.
b)
Taxation.
c)
Agriculture.
d)
Trade.
V.
FACTORS
WHICH LED TO THE COLLAPSE OF ZANZIBAR EMPIRE-
a)
Abolition of slave trade.
b)
Establishment of colonialism.
VI.
CONCLUSION:-
VII.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
THE MERU:-
The meaning
of Meru people
or Ameru are
Bantu ethnic group
who mainly inhabit
the Meru region
of Kenya. They
speak Kimiru language
among the Bantu
languages. The Meru
people living North
of Tanzania especially
Arusha and Arumeru.
The nane Meru
refers to both
the people and
the location.
The origin
of Meru people
living in Tanzania
is North-east of
Mount Kenya. The
Meru are a
community living on
the fertily agricultural
north and eastern
of Mount Kenya
in the former
Eastern province of
Kenya. The Meru
settled in forest
on the south
eastern slopes of
mount meru.
Economic factors.
There were economic
factors which led
them to move
up Tanzania in
order to control their
lifes. One of
the factors was
fertile land to
facilitate agriculture activity.
Also they
needs area for
animals kept some
area in mount Kenya
were desert this
made people to
move from mount
Kenya and establish
new settlement in
mount Meru Northern
of Tanzania.
Social factors
which move .There were
increase of population
which led Meru
people to move
mount Kenya to
Tanzania. In 1992
Meru was divided
into three at
the same area
were Meru, Myambene
and Tharaka. The
Meru region consist
of approximately 13000
km3. This led
to the movement
of Meru to
Tanzania.
Political factors
of move. In
the past the Meru
were in coalition
with Kikuyu and
Embu which yielded
some political power.
This coalition called
Kikuyu Embu Meru
Association. This cause
movement because some
Meru become leader
The neighbouring
of Meru people.
There is society
are neighbor of meru
society in Kenya
are kikuyu, Akamba,
Embu and Swahili and
in Tanzania the
neighbouring society is
Wambulu and wachaga
and Maasai
Healing process
of Meru people. Society
member of Meru
people use different
local medicine for
treat disease like
Malaria, ascer and
typhod and earthworm.
The medicine which
are uses to
treat disease are
Olopiyap use to
treat or oremit
uses to treat
Malaria, Olmukutan uses
to treat earthworm
and other medicine
like Osewetoy and
Olmapinu.
Widening process
of Meru society.
The weeding process
of meru people
are follow different
steps. When a
young wants to
maryy a girl,
mother of the
young boy take
a milk and
honey to the
house of girl
and father take
alcohol called Mbege
in a special
pot to the
house of a
girl and parents
of girl know
that their girls
wants to marry
by someone.
“Like the real names of the women,
which are kept secret, the traditions of Meru culture may remain hidden from
outsides, beyod the reach of German and the English colonizers, beyond missionaries of the evangelical Lutheran
Church and beyond modern government administrator. The women cheer finally
welcome visitors to their home nevertheless, to appreciate their way of life
and call them by their nicknames”[1]After that
another process of
weeding follow and
the day of
marriage arranging and
hence wedding take
part.
The major
food of the Meru people.
The major food
of the Meru people
or society is called
Loshoro which made
with Maize, Banan
and Milk. Also
meat is food
that tribe which
help member to
survive.
The major
clothes of the Meru people.
The major clothes
of that trible
is skin of
cow. This is
traditional clothes of
Meru society which
dress cover the
body of the
people and help
them from cold
and other dangerous
things
The famous
people of that
tribe in Tanzania.
The famous people
of Meru tribe
in Tanzania are
Joshua Nassary a
member of parliament
he represent Meru
constituence in the
parliament and Elishila
Kaaya director of
AICC. Not only
also Joseph Kilelu
was the first
person to Unitd
to struggle the
right and freedom
of the Meru
people or societies.
Economic
activities of the
society. The Meru
people engaged themselves
in agriculture activity
and some groups
are grown like
coffee, cotton maize (corn)
beans are cash
crops and potatoes,
maize beans sorghum and
millet are staple
food crops,Also meru
kept animals like
cows, goats
Social activities
of a society
members. Meru people
a had educational
foundation provided by
Christianity mission and
among the most
influential ethnics group.
The main institution
were started or
sponser by churches
notably catholic, Methodist
(the dominant church
in the region)
Presbyterian.Also some
of them practice
African traditional religion.
Political activities
of the society member.Meru also
practice political activities
and some parts
are made within
the society. In
Kenya after introducing
multparties in the General
election in 2002
that saw a
number of Meru
leader in the
Government.
Cultural activities
of a society
member. Meru had
cultural practices in
their society like
language, the bantu
Meru understandable to
one another within
the society. The
Meru speak at
least seven dialect
with the southern
dialect being very
close to kikuyu
and the northern
dialects showing same
Cushitic tenderagies but
the Bible translation
being used in
the iment dialect.
In traditional
rural areas the
Meru have strict
Circumcision that affect
all of life.
From the time
of circumscision boys
no longer have
contact with their
mother. A separate
house is built
for the sons.
Also girls undergo
circumcision but practice
has been abandoned.
HAYA
KINGDOM
The
Haya Kingdom are said to have settled in the Kagera region of North western of
Tanzania dividing the time of the Bantu expansion. They believed to be some of
the earliest inhabitant in the area to practices metal work which allowed them
to create various new form of pottery.
With
the arrival of the Europeans and Christianity the region became famous for
yielding the first African Roman Catholic Cardinal the late Cardinal Laurian
Rugambwa also they valued formal education early compared to other tribe.
In
1987, the Haya region was attempted annexation by former Uganda president Idi
Amini Dada whose invasion of the Kagera region eventually lead to the toppling
of his government by the Army of Tanzania.
ECONOMIC
ACTIVITIES OF HAYA KINGDOM
The
Haya involves in agriculture activities and animal keeping. They lived in
densely populated villages and are cultivators of plantain coffee beans, maize,
mines , tin wolfram. Also animal husbandry cattle goats.
Trade
also was involved the people grew and traded coffee long before the arrival of
the European and today have established tea and coffee processing plants
The
Haya people of Tanzania have been linked to one of the greatest scientific
breaking through of all time , the advent of steel
“Anthropologist discovered through
the communication of oral tradition that the Haya have been forging steel for
nearly 2000 years”[2]
This
discoevered by Peter Schmjolt was learning about the history of the Haya via
oral tradition.
SOCIAL
ACTIVITIES OF HAYA KINGDOM.
The
predominant religious are Catholic traditional region Muslim. Some Haya
the Omufumu (in the Kihaya language)
uses herbs and spiritual act as spirit power to diagnose and illnesses.
The
Wazee act as spirit mediums. The wazee
have the ability to travel great distance and bring about therapestic cure such
as the recovery of stolen objects or even in soccer matches.
The
house is surrounded by a banana plantation an area in front of the house used
for relaxation and food drying is kept free of debris by daily sweeping. The
interior of the houses is divided into separate use areas some reserved for men
some some for women children and cooking some for animals and one for honoring
ancestors.
The
Haya don’t drink the beverage westerns call coffee; instead they cook and chew
the beans and use them for family exchanges ritual offering and snacks. They
dried something called Mbandule which is an alcoholic beverage made from
banana.
POLITICAL
ACTIVITIES OF HAYA KINGDOM
The
Wazee act as a political leader who control the society. Wazee is ancestors or
Old one in Swahili. Act as leader and divided the work within the society and
talk to the young and to advice different thing rise within the society.
KILWA EMPIRE:-
The Kilwa
empire Sultanate was a medieval
Sultanate centered at
Kilwa (in modern day
Tanzania) whose authority
at its height
stretched over the
entire length of
the Swahili coast.
It was founded
in the 10thc by
Ali Ibn Al-Hassan
Shiraz a Persian
prince of Shirazi.
His family ruled
the Sulatanate until.
The year 1277.
It was replaced
by the Arab
family of Abu
Moaheb until 1505
when it was
over through by
a Portuguese invasion.
HISTORY OF
KILWA:-
The history
of Kilwa begins around
960-1000AD Ali Ibn
AL-Hassan Shirazi was
one of Seven
sons of a
rulers Shirazi Persia
and his mother
was an Abyssiian slave up
on his father’s
death. Ali was
driven out of
his inheritance by
his brothers. Kilwa
was originally owned
by a mainland
Bantu king “Almuli”
and connected by
a small land
bridge to the
mainland that appeared
in low tide
The
king
agree to sell
it to Ali
Ibn Al0Hassan Shirazi
for as much
coloured cloth as
could cover the
circumference of the
Island. But later the
king changed his
mind, and tried
to take it
back the Persian
had dug up the land
bridge and Kilwa
was now an
Island.
THE SOCIETY
OF KILWA AND
ITS ECONOMY:-
Despite its
origin as a
Persian colony extensive
intermarriage and conversion
of local Bantu
Inhabitants and later
Arab Immigration turned
Kilwa Sultanate into
a veritable melting
pot.
The mixture
of Perso-Arab and
Bantu cultural is
credited for creating
a distinctive East
African culture and
language known today
as Swahili.
The Kilwa
Sultanate was almost
wholly depended on
external commerce. Effectively
it was confederation
of Urban settlements,
there was little
or no agriculture
carried on in
within the bounderies
of Sultanate. Grains
(principle millet and
rice) meats (cattle poultry)
and other necessary
supplies to fed
the large city
population had to
be purchased from
the Bantu peoples
of the Interior.
“The
kilwa mode of
living was a
middlemen traders, importing
manufactured goods from
Arabia and India”[3]
There were
then swapped in the highland
market towns for
Bantu produced agricultural
commodities like grain,
meats for their
own subsistence and
precious raw materials
like gold, ivory
etc. Which they
export back to
Asia people. These
led Kilwa empire
to Become most
in trade with
Arabs and Asian.
THE CONDITION
OF KILWA WHEN
PORTUGUESE ARRIVE 1489-
1490’S:-
The condition
of kilwa empire
when Portuguese arrived
was Portuguese Scout
Pero Da Covilha,
disguised as an
Arabs merchants, had
traveled the length
of the Kilwa
Sultanate in 1489-1490
and visiled the
ports of Malindi,
Kilwa and Sofala
and delivered his
Scouting report back
to Lisbon, describing
the condition of the Kilwa
Sultanate in quite
some detail.
The first
Portuguese ships under
Vasco Da Gama
on the way to India
reached the Sultanate
in 1497 Vasco
Da Gama made
contact with the
Kilwa Vassals of
Mozambique Mombasa and
Malindi. Seeking to
secure their cooperation
as standing posts for
the Portuguese India
armadas.
“In
1500, the 2nd Portuguese
India Armada under
Pedro Alvares Cabral,
Visited Kilwa itself
and attempted to
negotiate a commercial
and alliance treaty
with Emir Ibrahim,
but Emir Ibrahim
prevaricated and no
agreement was reached”[4]
So these
led Emir Ibrahim
to got away
an agreement from
Sultanate Emir Ibrahim
due to strong
Sultanate of Kilwa
empire. It was
1505 that fransico
de Almeida brought
his fleet into
the harbor of
Kilwa and landed
some 500 Portuguese
soldiers to drive
Emir Ibrahim out
of the city
in Kilwa empire.
Then led Portuguese
to import fortress of
(FORT SANTIAGO) IN
Kilwa.
SWAHILI
COAST CITY-STATES.
The
earliest Swahil culture developmed in the Tana Valley and the Lamu Islands,
from indigeneous Bantu speaking population around the sixth century. By the 10th
century Islam was begginibbg to take root as it was reported that Kambalu was
run by Muslim. The trading opportunities saw the arrival of Arabs Persian and
Indian Merchants. In “916 Al-Muhidin visited the Swahili coast or land of the
Zanji”
Between
1050-1200, a wave of immigration from Persian seems to have occurred, caused a
southern migration from shungwaya and Lamu to Zanzibar, Pemba Mafia and Kilwa.
Faty
Swahili towns existed between Mogadishu, Pate, Mombasa, Malindi, Zanzibar and
Kilwa. Each town had a mosque, very few stone structure existed. The population
consisted of muslim and slaves. The well to do and old families lived in the
northern part of Town while migrants and the less well to do lived in the
Southern part. Some towns were non by royalty other were by an oligarch called
“Waungwana”
ECONOMIC
ACTIVITIES (TRADE)
The
Swahili and the dhow for ocean going trade in distant lands. The Swahili
provided the Wsia and Mediterranean world gold, ivory furs, slaves, tortoise,
shells, and rhino ceras horns for Persian rugs, chinek, percelin and other
luxurious items. The Swahili had an extensive trade network this included the
Ped sea to Egypt, Oman of the Arabian Peninsula, Shiraz in Persia, Gao and
Cambay in India and China.
They
manufactured cotton cloth, glass and shells beads for trade with the East
Arican interir. Also Swahili are rural farmers and Fisherman.
CULTURE
Most
were Muslims and language they used is Awahili.
“Swahili are an African people who
an moving to the coast engaging in Maritime trade became a distinctive,
urbanized, Muslim society”[5]
HOUSING
One
of the earliest examples of menumental Swahili Architrcture is the trade
emporium of Husuni Kubwa, Lying west of Kilwa built about 1245. As with many
other early Swahili buildings, coral was the main constructed material and the
roof was constructed by attaching coral to timbers. It contained fluted conical
vaults and domes, one hundred rooms with courtyards, terraces and a sunken
swimming pool. The palace at Kilwa was a two story tower, in a walled
enclosure. Other notable structure includes the Pillars Tombs at Malindi and
Mnarani in Kenya. Originally build from coral but later from stone. Examples
sindude Zanzibars stone towns with its famous carved doors, and the Great
Mosque of Kilwa carved doors were a unique element in Swahili town houses,
found in Zanzibar and other homes along the East African coast.
KITARA
Kitara
was the empire which was know as Bachwezi, Bacwezi or Chwezi empire is a strong
part of Oral traditional in the area of Great lake of Africa. Including the
modern countries of Uganda, northern Tanzania, eastern Democratic republic of
the Congo Rwanda and Burundi. In the Oral tradition Kitara was a kingdom which
at the height of its power in the fourteenth and fifteenth century included
much of Uganda, northern Tanzania and eastern Congo (DRC) ruled by dynast known
as the Bachwezi (or Chwezi) who were the successor of the Batembuzi dynasty.
According to the storythe Kitara empire lasted until the 16th
century when it was invaded by Luo people who came from the present day
south-Sudan and established the Kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara. However they
hypothesis has been questioned by the scholars on wheter the invasion realy
took place. There is no historical record that confirm this theory and to be
sure there is no linguistic connection of the modern day Bunyoro, Buganda
(Banyankole) ad Batutsi with any of the life Luo dialect but relies of the
Chwezi empire exist in Parts of Central Uganda would have not been conducive to
their life style also part of the reason why they may have left so soon of
other areas in the south of the lift valley
The
empire of Kitara was founded by the Batembuzi dynasty who were succeeded by
Bachwezi dynast when they established Kitara. Much of what is Known is based on
my theology and oral tradition. A number of current Great lakes Kingdom claim
inheritance of from the ancient Kitara empire, ruled by a dynasty known as
Bachwezi. The region of bachwezi is shrouded in mystery and legend, so much so
that many traditional goods in Toro, Bunyoro and Buganda have associated
with the Bachwezi kings.
POPULATION:-
The
total population of kitara kingdom is between 800,000 and 1,400,000 living in
250,000 to 350,000 houses holds. 96% percent of the population living in the
rutal area and only 1% of population was electricity for lighting and cooking
more than 92% of the population are poor and has earning more than half of the
Ugandan national average and about 54% of the population is illiterate.
ECONOMICALLY
The
kingdom of kitara was the supplier of food stuffs to other neighbouring
kingdom. The fertile soil of the empire enable people to grow plenty of food
for home, consumption and the suplus was sold to the neighbouring communities.
Peoples economy thus was greatlyon agriculture carried on using traditionally
made hoes Barter trade was also common in the empire. The people along the lake
Mwitazinga were fishermen.
Some
communitywere hunters using nets, Knives and spear. They were using local tools
for killing small animals which the big ones were killed using well dug deep
pit (obuhya), people they exchange fish and meat. The coming of Bachwezi
introduced the culture of keeping cattle in larger scale with their long-horned
cattle which yield more milk.
Salt
processing in kiboro. The empire were processed the salt made an exchange with
fish.
The
kitara empire produced a number of wooden item, hides and skin items, palm and
sisal items, iron and stone items, pottery and mud items and other on economic
basis.
SOCIALLY
People
were organized in strong Clines with the royal clan of the King, princes and
princesses the King hold executive, judicially and legislative power. His word
were highly respected and almost equated the word from God. The king subjects
ensured that their king lack nothing economically. Clans would bring food
staffs (ebihotole) in turn and each clans had a specific duty to perform for
the King.
POLITICALLY
The
king absolute authority over his subject. He appointed the country chiefs (Aba
masaga) to administer each country below them there subcountry chiefs
(Abangomborozi) who were sub country administer. This received reports from
parish chiefs (Abemiruka) and sub parish chiefs (Abatongole) at the very Grass
root were the Village chiefs (Bakuru) B’emigongo) with the hierarchical
arrangement the King’s message used to reach at the grass root very fast. Later
on the office of the prime minister (Omuhikirwa) katikiro was established to
head the civil service of the entire empire. All country chiefs reports to him
he in turn reports to king
REASON
FOR THE COLLAPSE OF THE EMPIRE:-
The
poverty situation of the Kitara empire.
Majority of the kitara empire had lived in below standard of life because of
the burst of poverty of the empire, that led the failure of running various
sectors of the empire. Example agriculture, trade fishing and others.
The
impose of colonial rule. The colonialist invaded the potential areas which
belonged to kitara empire that led the denigration of the empire since some of
the leaders were persecuted by the colonialist. They capture the coastal areas
for the benefit of white settlers example white persecuted Omukama who was a
leader of Bunyoro Kitara Kingdom.
Illiteracy
of the majority. The people belonged to kitara empire almost were illiterate
that led the misorganization of the empire since they did not aware on the
strategies for running the empire for escaping from disintegration, illiterate
rate contributed the failure of leaders to organize the society to unite so as
to defeat the white colonialism.
ZANZIBAR EMPIRE:-
In 1698 Zanzibar become part of the overseas
holdings of Oman, falling under the control or Sultan of Oman. The Arabs
established garrisons at Zanziabr, Pemba and Kilwa. The height of Arabs rule
came during the reign of Seyyid said (More fully sayyid said sultan al-busaid)
who in 1840 moved his capital from Muscat in Oman to stone town.
The word Zanzibar came from Persian and Arabic
origin, the Persian derived the name from Zhang Bar which means the Negro
coast. And Arabs deduce the name from Arabic Zayn Z’al Barr which mans fair is the land. In 1499 Vasco Da
Gama’s visit Zanzibar and make the beginning of European influence and
Portuguese stablished control over the land.
People of Zanzibar are of diversy ethinic origin the
first permanent resisdent of Zanzibar seems to have been the ancestors of the
Hadimu, Timbatu and Pemba who began arriving from the East Africa mainland
around 1000 AD
“Most populated people in Zanzibar
are Swahili and the minority were Asians whose origin were from Indian and
Arabs country. People of Zanzibar speak Kiswahili language”[6]
SOCIAL
FACTORS FOR THE RISE OF ZANZIBAR EMPIRE-
Religion.
The Yemenis built the earliest Mosque in the Southern Hemisphere in Kizimkazi,
the southern most village in Unguja. Existence of Arabs who were Moslems
converted people of Zanzibar to become Moslems which led to the rise of the
empire
Unity.
People of Zanzibar were highly united due to the use of the same language and
due to the existence of one religion belief which they depend on it. People of
Zanziba are of diverse ethnic origins. The first permanent residents of
Zanzibar seems to have been the ancestors of the Hadimu, Tumbatu and Pemba who
began arriving from the East Africa mainland around 1000AD. But all ancestors
united together and become one.
Use
of Arabic culture and civilization, the people of Zanzibar exchanging materials
goods culture and language with the people of Asia. This led to them to change
their culture and civilization which led to the growth of Zanzibar empires.
“The
ancestors of Zanzibar empire (Hadimu, Tumbatu and Pemba) intermarriage with
Arabian people and this caused blood relation and brotherhood which led to the
unity are solidarity among the people of Zanzibar empire”[7]
POLITICAL
FACTORS FOR THE RISE OF ZANZIBAR EMPIRE
Good
leadership. Hereditary rule known as the Mwinyi mkuu or Jumbe emerged among the
Hadimu and similar ruler called Shehe
who set up among the Tumbatu. They had not much power, but they helped
to solidality the ethnic identity of their respective people.
Good
security syatem. Zanzibar empire has a good security system which help there to
defend with the outside enemies. This also avoid Zanzibar to be attack with
people from outside.
Existence
of Sultanate rule. Zanzibar empire were controlled by Sultanate from Oman since
the decline of Portugal rule in Zanzibar. Sultan use good administrative role
which enable Zanzibar to be raised
“The
people of Zanzibar exchanging materials goods culture and language with the
people of Asia. This led to them to change their culture and start to follow
Arabian culture and civilization which led to the growth of Zanzibar empire”[8]
ECONOMIC FACTORS FOR THE RISE-
Agriculture.
It activities is one of the factors which lead to the rise of Zanzibar empire
due to the growth of cloves and coconuts plantation in Zanzibar this
contributed to the rise of Zanzibar empire.
Trade.
This is another factors which led to the rise of Zanzibar empires, trades from
Arabs mostly Yemen, Persian Gulf, Shiraz and west Indian visited Zanzibar in 1st century AD by using monsoon wind to sail
across Indian ocean. This traders engaged with slaves and Ivory trade.
Good
geographical location. Zanzibar empire has good geographical location which
attract many people from overside to visit into this island. The visitors paids
tax which contribute to the rise of the empire.
Taxation.
Taxation also contribute d to the growth of this empire and this is because
traders from different countries who came to trade with Zanzibar were imposed
tax with the ruling power example (Sultan)
“Zanzibar
empire has good geographical location which attract many people from outsides
to visit into this island. The visitors paid tax which contribute to the rise
of this empire”[9]
FACTORS
WHICH LED TO THE COLLAPSE OF ZANZIBAR EMPIRE-
Abolition
of slave trade. Slave trade was the backbone of Zanzibar economy therefore
abolitions of this trade led to the decline of this empire
Establishment
of colonialism. After scramble and partition Zanzibar become under British
control, British introduce their rule in Zanzibar this led for decline of
Zanzibar empire
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bethwell A
Ogot, (2000) ; AFRICA FROM
16THC TO 18THC (UNESCO
PUBLISHING)
Freeman grenville,
G.S.P (1962) THE MEDIEVAL
HISTORY OF THE COAST OF TANGANYIKA
WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE
TO RECENT; Archeological discoveries, London.
Illife, John
(2007) AFRICAN THE HISTORY
OF A CONTINENTS, Cambridge
University press ISBN
O-521-68297-5
Igham ,K.
(1963) A HISTORY OF
EAST AFRICA, Longman
Kyazze, Jones
Yosia, THE UGANDA CLAN SYSTEM
Strong, S Author
(1895) THE HISTORY OF KILWA, Edited
from an Arabic
Ms Journal of
the royal Asiatic
society, January (No
Volume Number)
http://www.africankingdoms.com, Africa kingdom
http://wikipedia.org/wik/wikipedia.kilwaempireSultanate
[1]
Igham ,K.
(1963) A HISTORY OF
EAST AFRICA, Longman
[2]
Illife, John
(2007) AFRICAN THE HISTORY
OF A CONTINENTS, Cambridge
University press ISBN
O-521-68297-5
[3] KILWA SULTANATE-
Wikipedia- encyclopedia, Kilwa
empire.
[4]
Strong, S Author
(1895) THE HISTORY OF KILWA, Edited
from an Arabic
Ms Journal of
the royal Asiatic
society, January (No
Volume Number)
[5]
Shillington K (2005) HISTORY OF AFRICA; Revised 2nd
Edition New York.
[6]
Kimambo, I, N and Temu J A; (1969) A
HISTORY OF TANZANIA; EAPH, Nairobi page 231
[7]
Kimambo,
I, N and Temu J A; (1969) A HISTORY
OF TANZANIA; EAPH, Nairobi page 230
[8]
Sulton,
J, E, E (1968) THE EAST AFRICAN
COAST; EAPH Nairobi page 221
[9]
Gray, R and Birmingham; (1970) PRE-COLONIAL AFRICAN TRADERS;
Oxford University Press, London page 154
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