By Rashid Salum Namtole
Congress
is the formal meeting of the representative of different nations, constituent
states independent organization such as trade unions or groups. A formal
meeting of representatives, for example form different nations or scientific organization
to discuss ideas make plans or solve problems.
BACKGROUND
OF CONGRESS FROM 1818 TO 1822 IN EUROPE-
It
founding powers were Austria Prussia, the Russian Empire and the United
Kingdom. These nations were the members of the Quadruple Alliance who had
collective defeated Napoleon and has first French empire. In time France was
established as a fifth member of the concert. At the first the leading personalities of the
system were British foreign secretary lord castlereagh, Austrian chancellor
Klemens Von Metternich and Russian Czar Alexander I Charles Maurice die
Talleyrand-Perigord of France was largely responsible for quickly returning
that country to its places alongside the other major powers in international
diplomacy.
The
age of the concert is sometimes known as
the age of Metternich, due to the influence of Austrian chancellors
conservation and the dominance of Austruia within he German confederation or as
the European Restoration because of the reactionary efforts of the congress of
Vienna to restore Europe to its state before the French Revolution.
The
rise of nationalism, the unification of German and the Risorgimento in Italy,
and the Eastern Question were among the factors which brought an end of the
concerts affectiveness. Among the meeting of the Great powers during this
period were Axi-ia-chapelle (1818)
Carlsbad (1819) Troppau (1820) Loubach (1821) Verona (1822) London
(1832) Berlin (1878)
“The concert of European had no
written rulers or permanent institutions but at times of crisis any of the
cloud propose a conference”[1]
DIFFERENT
VIEWS OF THE EUROPEAN POWERS IN THE CONGRESS DURING 1818-1822
AIX-LA-CHAPELLE
Russian
and Prussia proposed an alliance against
revolutions to keep status-quo Br
disagreed and refused to hold regular meetings unless Vienna settlement was
violated.
TROPPAU (1820)
Aust
Pru Rudrew up Troppau Protocol (to suppress revolution) Br and France did not
approve (reject intervention)
LAIBACH
AND VERONA (1821-1822)
Br
did not agree to interview in Spanish revolt.
AIX-LA-CHAPELLE
Russian
and Prussia proposed an alliance against
revolutions to keep status-quo Br
disagreed and refused to hold regular meetings unless Vienna settlement was
violated.
Aix-la-
Chapelle congress was a congress which held in 1818 this was the primary
meeting of four European powers such as Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia.
The main reason for the withdraw of the army of occupation from France and the
nature of the modification to be introduced in consequence into the relation of
the four toward each other.
“Held in the autumn of 1818, was
primary a meeting of the four alliance powers Britain Austria Prussia and
Russia to decide the question of the withdraw of the army of occupation from
France and the nature of the modification to be introduced in consequence into
the relations of the four towards each other and collectively towards French”[2]
Apart
from that the following were the positive impacts of the Aix-La-Chapelle in
1818, which was the result of the congress.
The
France had obeyed to pay the amount of war expenses before Aix-La-Chapelle had
the war which caused by France. Due to that factors the congress agreed that
the France should pay the expenses of the war and the France agreed to pay the
expenses.
“France had paid the amount of war
wxpenses and the government of Frances obeyed the decisions of the Vienna
congress”[3]
Also
they decided that the occupation army of the allied power should be withdraw.
In the congress decided the question of the withdraw of the army of occupation
from France. The congress agreed to withdraw the army occupation of France. And
the result France obeyed withdraw the army occupation
Mot
only that but also the France war included in the alliances. In that congress
the France included in the alliance and the name of the quadruple alliance was
changed and called the quintuple alliance.
“France was included in the
alliance and thus the name of quadruple alliance changed and it was called the
quintuple Alliance”[4]
This
congress held in the autumn of 1818, was primary a meeting of the four allied
powers Britain Russia Prussia and Austria. It was a meeting to decide the
question of the withdraw of the army of occupation from France and the nature
of modification to be introduced in consequence into relation of the four
Powers towards each other alternatively toward France.
ITS
CONAEQUENCE:-
It
awakened for the first time the apprehensions of English statement as to the
real character of the principle underlying the European concert. Alexander
proposed that a Declaration should be signed by all the powers granteering the
existing territorial settlement and the rights of soverign princes. This would
facilitate the systematic suppression of free institution stifling the
development of Europe in the fetters of hide-bound conservation. (Book Europe
in the 19th cand 20thc.
author E SLipson, Allied Publisher, 1960 page 219)
The
allies decided that the occupation army
could be withdrawn from France and France fully readmitted to her previous
international status by being allowed to join the alliance (page 220, Book of
International society and making of international order, transaction publisher,
2005. Author G. Auth
CONGRESS
OF TROPPAU (1820)
Aust
Pru Rudrew up Troppau Protocol (to suppress revolution) Br and France did not
approve (reject intervention)
Congress
of Troppau was a conference of the quintuple Alliance to discuss means of the
suppressing the revolution in Naples of July 1820, and at which the Troppau
protocol was signed on 19th November 1820. The congress met on
October 20, 1820in Troppau modern Opova in Austrian Silesia at the behest of
Tsar Alexander I of Russia.
“Congress of Troppau
(October-December 1820) meeting of the Holy alliance powers, held at Troppau in
Silesia (modern Opava Czech Public), at which the Trappau protocol , a
declaration of intention to take collective action against Revolution, was
signed (Nov 19, 1820)”[5]
The
congress attended by Francis I of Austrian, Alexander I of Russia and Fredrick
William III of Prussia, their foreign ministers, and observers from Britain and
France. The congress decided to intervene in Naples against the democratic
revolution there July 1820.
The
congress held in order to discuss about the means of suppressing the revolution
which occurred in Naples of July 1820.
The
impacts of the congress was generally asserting the states having undergone,
that revolutions would be excluded from the European alliance, that the allied
power would not recognize illegal changes in mush state and that the power
would use force there to the alliance
Britain
and France refused to accept the protocol and demonstration the decision between the Eastern and Western member of the
alliance. The congress wanted to decide the member of the alliance between
western and Eastern Europe but the Britain and France refused it.
“Britain and France However refused
to accept the protocol, demonstrating the devision between the eastern and
western member of the quintuple Alliance and seriously weakening”[6]
The
congress met at Troppau in 1820. It was summoned on account of the Neapolitan
revolt. The congress power discussed the general principle that should guide
their action if revolution broke out in member countries or country and also
the duties of other members. All these principles were embodied in the Troppau
Protocol which was signed by the three Eastern power (Prussia, Austria and
Russia)
ITS
OUTCOMES
Formation
of constitution in Spanish, in July 1820 a similar uprising occurred in Naples,
where another Bourbon Ferdinand I, was forced to introduce the very liberal
Spanish constitution formulated in 1822 (Book; of Europe since 1715-1919;
authors, Shirley Elson Roessler, RenyMidos, Rowman & Littlefield Publisher,
2003 page 1822)
CONGRESS
OF LAIBACH (1821-1822)
Br
did not agree to interview in Spanish revolt. The congress of Laibach was
congress of the allied sovereigns their representative, held in 1821 as part of
the concert of Europe which was decided attempt of the great powers to settle
international problems after the Napoleonic wars through discussion and
collective weight
“Congress of Laibach (Jan 26-may
12, 1821) meeting the Holy Alliances powers (all European inters except those
Britain the Ottoman E,pire, and the papacy) at Laibach (now Ljubljana,
Slovenia) that set the conditions for Austrian intervention in and occupation
of the Two sicilus in action against the Nepolitan revolution (July 1821)”[7]
IMPACTS OF LAIBACH CONGRESS OF 1820
The congress agreed to abolish the
Neapolitan constitution, and the Austrian army to restore the absolutist
monarchy. But the agreement protested by British and French, they encouraged
unsuccessful resistance to the Neapolitans.
“The British and French Protested
the decision, there by encouraging unsuccessful resistance among the
Neapolitans. A similar revolt in piedmont was put down by Austrians at Novara
on April 8, 1821”[8]
The Austria got opportunity to stop the
revolt which happened in piedmont on April 8, 1821 which helped to bring peace and order within the state.
CONGRESS OF VERONA
Congress of Verona (October 20 to
December 19, 1822) the last of the
meetings held by the European powers in accordance with the term of the
quadruple alliance between Russia Prussia, Austrian and Great Britain. Held at
Verona the congress was also Manifestation of the Holy Alliance (Austria,
Russia, Prussia)
The congress was held mainly to discuss
the revolutionary situation in Spain. Cowened because the French leering Louis XVIII
wanted in allies concert to intervene in Spain to overthrown the constitutional
regime established there in 1820
The congress of Verona met at Verona
Italy on October 20, 1822 as part of the series of the international congress
of Vienna congress, which had instituted the concert of Europe at the close of
Napoleonic wars. The main problem discussed was the revolution in Spain against
Ferdinand VII
ITS OUTCOMES
Britain withdraw from the concert of
Europe, thereby driving the final nail into the coffin of the congress system.
(Book History of Modern Europe 1789-220; Author B.V.Rao, Sterling Publishers
Put Ltd 2005 page 58)
IMPACT OF VERONA CONGRESS
The congress agreed to support France if
it should be attacked by Spain . because
there were contradiction between the two state the France feared to be
conquered by Spain the congress agreed to support the French.
“The congress agreed to support
France if it should be attacked by Spain and Authorized a French expedition
into Spain 1823”[9]
CONCLUSION:-
It is not difficult to trace the cause
which brought about the failure of the concert of Europe. It may be said that
the intention of the powers joining the quadruple Alliance was to create a
front against the old enemy, France. They were afraid that France may rise once
again and threaters the peace of Europe by destroying the settlement they had
brought in the congress of Vienna. Since there was no possibility of such
things happening again to that extent their alliance weakened.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:-
B.V.
Rao (2005) HISTORY
OF MODERN EUROPE LAIBACH (1821-1822); Sterling Publisher Put Ltd
C.Phillips,
A Alan (2001) TREATY OF
AXI-LA-CHAPELLE ;Encyclopedia Of Historical Treaties And Alliance
D.
STEVEN (2004): THE HISTORY OF FIRST
WORLD WAR; Penguin Book
R.Lodge (1930) STUDIES IN EIGHTEEN CENTURY
DIPLOMACY, (1740-1748) J, Marry
London
R.E. Shirley (2003) EUROPE SINCE 1715-1919; Reny
Miclos, Roin
[1]
Ateven, Davd (2004); THE HISTORY OF
THE FIST SORLD WAR Pngyuinn books page 4
[2] Wikipedia.org/wiki/congress-of-aix-la-chapelle-(1818)
[3]
www.presevearticles.com/2011110216498/short-essay-out-the-main=conference-of
–the-quadruple-alliance.html
[4] Ibid
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