BACKGROUND OF THE HAYA KINGDOM
The
Haya areethnic linguistic group based in the district of Bukoba, Muleba and
Karagwe at kagera region in northwest Tanzania East Africa in 1991 the Haya
population was estimated to 1,200,000. The Haya people speaks Haya language.
They are said to have settled in the Kagera region of northwest Tanzania during
the time of Bantu expansion.
They
are believed to be the earlier in habitant in the area the practice of metal
works allowed them to create various new forms of portelly. They were organized
into small of groups which loosely affiliated with one groups another and
organized in the system of similar to feudalism with commoners and nobles as
the main participant.
With
the arrival of European Christianity the region become famous for yielding the
rate cardinal Laurian Rugambwa was the cardinal and respected person in the
church as the Haya are many of them are Roman Catholic believes. In the 1978
the ancestral region in which the Haya belongs was subjected to an attempt of
annexation by the farmer Uganda president Idd Amin Dada whose invasion of the
Kagera region failed eventually lead to the topping of government by the arm of Tanzania.
ECONOMIC
ACTIVITIES.
The
Haya live in densest populated village and are cultivator of plantain coffee,
beans, maize, miners, tin, wolfram, animal husbandry that is cattle and goats.
The people grew and traded coffee long before the arrival of European and today
have established tea and coffee processing plants.
RELEGION
The
pre-dominant religion is Roman Catholic (R.C) Traditional religion, Muslim.
TRADITION MEDICINE.
The
Omufumu (Healer) who uses herbal and spiritual power to diagnoses and cure
illness, acting as a spirit medium and
use of Abanyampara.
EDUCATION.
The
Haya people valued formal education earlier compared to other tribes the people of Tanzania have
been linked to one of the greatest scientific breakthrough of all time. The invasion
of steal archeologist Petter Schmilt discovered through a literalist combination
of archeology and tradition that the Haya had been forging steel around 2000
years.
CULTURAL
ACTIVITIE.
The
Haya people practiced cultural activities like other tribes. For example when
the hunters succeed in killing a dangerous animals or a big animal they have to
praise themselves when they return home. This system is called Majigambo
(ebyebugo) the traditional houses for this kingdom is Mushonge.
The
Haya practice to natural cultural dances that are held during the special
ceremonies like marriage, succession and political issues those dances are
omutolo, amayaga, omulekule, amakondele, and akasimbo.
Thesa
dances were practiced in almost all district of the Haya people like Kihanja,
Karagwe, Kiziba, Misenye, Bugobo,
Kiyamtwala, Ihangilo Bukore and Biharamulo.
POLITICS.
The
Haya people live in different ethnic groups in Tanzania. They are divided into
several. Example cardinal Laurian Rugambwa chiefdom and Idd Amin Dada which suggests that in case
political unity is not an essential part of tribal identity Haya are
cultivators, growing coffee and plantais and live in densely populated village.
Exactly
similar to the situation in kilimanjaro region high altitude of West of lake
Victoria provided a pleasant climate for missionaries and the Catholic and
protestants completed for convert by providing education .
SWAHILI
COAST CITY-STATES.
HISTORY
OF SWAHILI COAST CITY STATE.
The
earliest Swahil culture developmed in the Tana Valley and the Lamu Islands,
from indigeneous Bantu speaking population around the sixth century. By the 10th
century Islam was begginibbg to take root as it was reported that Kambalu was
run by Muslim. The trading opportunities saw the arrival of Arabs Persian and
Indian Merchants. In “916 Al-Muhidin visited the Swahili coast or land of the
Zanji”
Between
1050-1200, a wave of immigration from Persian seems to have occurred, caused a
southern migration from shungwaya and Lamu to Zanzibar, Pemba Mafia and Kilwa.
Faty
Swahili towns existed between Mogadishu, Pate, Mombasa, Malindi, Zanzibar and
Kilwa. Each town had a mosque, very few stone structure existed. The population
consisted of muslim and slaves. The well to do and old families lived in the
northern part of Town while migrants and the less well to do lived in the
Southern part. Some towns were non by royalty other were by an oligarch called
“Waungwana”
HOUSING
One
of the earliest examples of menumental Swahili Architrcture is the trade
emporium of Husuni Kubwa, Lying west of Kilwa built about 1245. As with many
other early Swahili buildings, coral was the main constructed material and the
roof was constructed by attaching coral to timbers. It contained fluted conical
vaults and domes, one hundred rooms with courtyards, terraces and a sunken
swimming pool. The palace at Kilwa was a two story tower, in a walled
enclosure. Other notable structure includes the Pillars Tombs at Malindi and
Mnarani in Kenya. Originally build from coral but later from stone. Examples
sindude Zanzibars stone towns with its famous carved doors, and the Great
Mosque of Kilwa carved doors were a unique element in Swahili town houses,
found in Zanzibar and other homes along the East African coast.
ECONOMIC
ACTIVITIES (TRADE)
The
Swahili and the dhow for ocean going trade in distant lands. The Swahili
provided the Wsia and Mediterranean world gold, ivory furs, slaves, tortoise,
shells, and rhino ceras horns for Persian rugs, chinek, percelin and other
luxurious items. The Swahili had an extensive trade network this included the
Ped sea to Egypt, Oman of the Arabian Peninsula, Shiraz in Persia, Gao and
Cambay in India and China.
They
manufactured cotton cloth, glass and shells beads for trade with the East
Arican interir. Also Swahili are rural farmers and Fisherman.
CULTURE
Most
were Muslims and language they used is Awahili.
“Swahili
are an African people who an moving to the coast engaging in Maritime trade
became a distinctive, urbanized, Muslim society”[1]
THE
EMPIRE OF KITARA:-
The
empire of Kitara was one among the powerful
dynasty in the interlacustrine region which existed in the fourteenth century until the
sixteenth century when it was invaded by Luo people, who came from the
present-day South Sudan and established the Kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara.
Traditions claims that the people of Kitara
were toll and right skinned with bright eyes thus were fearless wonders
moving where no one else would dare to go. The origin of Kitara people is
uncertain. Some historians believed they were of Cushitic origin and may have
come from Ethiopia.
POLITICAL
ORGANIZATION OF KITARA EMPIRE:-
The
empire of kitara also known as Bachwezi Bacwezi or Chwezi empire was
centralized ruled by a single central authority or King. The political system
was based on a special kind of stratification which rigidly divided the people
into castes, each with its obligations and responsibilities. The Kitara empire
was ruled by a dynasty known as the Bachwezi who were the successors of the
Batembuzi dynasty as Don Leeming say
“Like the Tembuzi, the Chwezi people
founded a powerful dynast in the
interlacustrine region. The new empire flourished between 1350 and 1500”[2]
The
empire had royal symbols which included spears stools, drums and crown which
were greatly respected as state power. However the invasion of the Luo
finalized its collapse.
ECONOMIC
ACTIVITIES
The
people of Kitara were agriculturalists and pastoralists. They kept cattle that
provided to them with meat, milk and hides. They also grew a few crops,
including grains and crops. They had a skill o pottery and cloth making from
the animal skins. In the books of History of Tanzania the author Kimambo say
“The hima who were
pastoralists, formed the higher caste and the rulers came from their group.
Below them were the Bairu who were agriculturealist and who were bound to the
Hima in various ways”[3]
They also practiced fishing activities
along lake Victoria. Due to good climatic condition of the empire people were
able to grow plenty of food for home consumption and surplus. Trade was also
conducted with neighbouring empire under barter system like the exchange of
dried fish with food stuffs.
TRADITION AND CUSTOMS.
The centralized empire of Kitara was a
patrinneal empire in nature living in huts made of dried grass that were
smeared with cowdung. The huts were decorated by colorful ornaments and
handcrafts. Also cowhide was used to make simple clothing and sandals. The had
their own traditional dances assisted by the beats from the drums. For instance
when the Bachwezi left Bwera territory to a Mwine smith called Kihesi, Kihesi is said to have made a
drum called Rushama from water bucket with a skin. Until recently this drum was
kept at Makore a few miles from Bigo.
EDUCATION AND LANGUAGE.
As the other pre-colonial socities the
kind of education among the people of Kitara was informal education which was
more practically. Practical teaching was dare during times where by the youth
learned by doing, feeling, hearing, seeing and tasting. Oral tradition was an
important medium of education. The elders told stories and legends in the
evening after the the days work. There is no fact about the linguistic
connection between kitara empire and the modem day Bunyoro, Baganda, Banyankole
and Batusi with any of the other dialects like that of Luo.
THE COLAPSE OF KITARA EMPIRE.
The kitara empire finally broke up
during the 16th century after the Luo invasion due to Nilotic
expansion. A group of people known as Biito led by a chief called Labongo who
later established his rule in what was new Bunyoro-kitara Kingdom. To the south
of Bunyoro, the rest of the Kitara was superseded by the development of several
kingdoms located within or across the span of several present-day national
boundaries, including Ankole mainly in Uganda, Karagwe and Kyamutwara in
Tanzania and the kingdoms of Burundi and Rwanda
ZANZIBAR EMPIRE
The Original and Back ground of Zanzibar
Empire.
The Zanzibar protectorate as defined by the Zanzibar order in council 1924, comprised the Island
of Zanzibar and Pemba and Island within the territory water there of. Zanzibar situated
in 6o s latitude and
separated from the main land by channel 22 miles across at the Narrowest part.
“It is the largest coralline Island
on the Africa coast being 54 miles long by 24 broads (maximum measurement) and
having an area of 640 squares miles”[4]
Some 25 miles to the North-East of
Zanzibar, ethwart the 5th degree of south latitude, lies the Island of
Pemba.
Pemba is smaller than Zanzibar being 42
miles long by 14 broad (maximam
measurement and having in area of 380 square miles.
The Acient people of Zanzibar is called
ZINJ who lived during early time.
Major Zanzibar says, “It is
generally accepted that the Name Zanzibar is derived from the Persian word Zangh meaning a Negro and Bar a coast
this name in its widest sense signifies the Negro coast.
Zanzibar empire speake Kiswahili the
language which derived by Arabs. Swahili means all same cheat or Sahili coast
also there way another tribe which are Wahadimu the Wapemba and the Watumbatu.
FOUNDER OF ZANZIBAR EMPIRE
Zanzibar much founded firstly by
European during the contact period between Persian Arabia and India and the
coast of East Africa. For over 2000 years.
“The first European to alive were
Portuguese navigators they reached at the end of 15th century and
established trading station”[5]
Therefore the first founder of Zanzibar
empire were Portuguese navigators who moved to Zanzibar Island by the time.
ARTS AND BELIEVED IN ZANZIBAR.
Zanzibar, most world famous musical is
Freddos mercury Zanzibar in at the heart of the distinctive Taarab, on sung
poetry tradition which in African-Islamic music popular in the coasted town of
Tanzania and Kenya.
Also there is arts lover with find Panting
by several Zanzibar artists this including the popular Tinga-Tinga painting style, and contemporary- views of
stone town. Also Zanzibar is farming for its carved chests and doors (each
caving has a meaning)
COLONIAL INTRUSION IN ZANZIBAR EMPIRE
The first European country to colonize
in Zanzibar was Portuguese 1571 who were to readed by navigators. At the end of 17th century Portuguese
were ousted by Oman, Arabs, during this time Zanzibar became a major slave
trader center.
“In 1840, the sultan said Seyyid
moved his court from Muscut to Zanzibar and the Island became Arabs state”[6]
Zanzibar was British Protectorate from
1890 until 1963 when the state gained independence from the British through
revolution.
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN ZANZIBAR EMPIRE.
Early trade (slave trade) that occurred
in 1571 Portuguese started the slave dealers,
even so until 1800’s British struggled to abolish slave Trade when
seized away the Portuguese.
“Until 1896 was the local
resistant crushed the Island had been a
prime depot for the East Africa slave Trade, and British abolition of the
traffic weakened the economy”[7]
Another trade engaged in Zanzibar was
cloves, that was used by most of European for luxuries for example for
beverage.
MERU
ORIGIN / NILOTIC THEORY.
Yet another vision of ancient Meru
hostery This one more academically. Inspired is convincingly posted by one/ according
to Alfred M Manyara.
That the Meru came originally from the
ancient Nilotic/ origin empire of Meroe )300 BC – ad 100) which is sometimes
refered to as an Islands, as it was bounded by both the white and blue Niles
and swamps in the “meru” and “Meroe” is centeinly tempting as is another
linguistic evidence does suggest at least that the Meru were at some point in
contact with Civilization from further north.
THE ELDERS OF COUNCIL
The Meru have the 17th c been
governed by elected and hierarchical council of leader from the clan up to the
supreme Njuri Ncheke to become a member of Njuri Ncheke is the highest social
ranks to which a Meru man can aspire. The elder forming a Njiru Ncheke are carefully
selected and comprise mature, composed respected and in corruptible member of
community. This is necessary as their work requires great wisdom, personal
displine, and knowledge of the traditional. The Njuri Ncheke are also apex of
the Meru traditional judiciary system and their edicts apply across the entire
community.
The function of Njuri Ncheke is to make
and exuctive community laws to listen and settle disputes and to pass community
knowledge and norms across the generation in their role as the custodians of
traditional culture.
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF MERU
The Meru has lot of political influence
in Kenya due to their strategies political organization. The community has not
produced a president for the republic of Kenya so far, however member of the
community have always held some key and strategic positions in the got of the
day. In the early years of Kenya independence the Meru were in the
Gikuyu-Embu-Meru Association GEMA, a political mobilization out fit during the
reign of Mzee Jomo Kenyatta. Gema is no longer a strong entily but since the
advent voted with Kikuyu and the Embu in all subsequent prudential dictions
.
The election also saw the historic
election of Hon. Doiwood Nahim a Meru of Asian origin to president imenti North
Constituency. Constitutional Lawyer and a first time senator (Tharaka-Nithi Country)
became the majority leader in the senate.
CULTURAL ARTIFACTS
Meru Museum.
The historical and cultural artifacts of
the Meru people are preserved at the Meru Museum for merely colonial De’s
office located in Meru Town. The Njuri Ncheke shrine at Nchiru is also gazette
as an heritage site and placed under the care of the national museum of Kenya.
The shrine is accessible and open to the public most time of the years unless
there a Njiru Ncheke activities at the site.
CULTURE AND FAMILY TRADITION.
The Meru are primary agrarian their home
life and culture is similar to the highlands Bantu. The Meru how maintained
adherence to a family street customs code amongst the various cohorts of the
population such as circumcision is still a mandatory rise of passge for boys
during which time cultural education including community norms and expectation
such as respect for elders and protection of children a fought in a seclusion
period that may last up to a months. As a Matiko of principle, young men must
ensure minimal contact with their (mollers) after initiation. Nowdays however
the depth of instruction varies depending on the extent of urban influence
previously a girls who would also undergo circumcision, but to practice was out
lowed by Njuri ncheke in April 1956. These practice has been progressily and is
being replaced by instruction based alternative rites of passage.
LANGUAGE SPEAKS.
The Meru speakes language like Kimiira,
Kikamba, Kiemba, Mbeere, Kikuyu and Kikisii (although to a lesser extent) share
critical language characteristics. The Kimiira language are also not uniform
across the greater Meru but comprises several mutually intergible dialects
depending on the section from which the
speaker originated as the whole to scholars hare demonstrated that the Kimiiru
language are exhibits much older Bantu characteristics in grammar and phonetic
forms than the other neighboring Bantu language.
THE EDUCATION
The Meru hare had a strong educational
heritage provided by to Christian missionaries. The main educational
institution were started or sponsored by the Catholic, Methodist and the
Presbyterian churches. The greater Meru has numerous institution of learning
including primary schools, secondary schools, teacher colleges Nursing schools,
technical institute and universities. One of the most prestigious private
charted in Kenya (Kenya Methodist University) (KEMU) was the first to be
established in areas on 2006, Two charted public University in Tharak-Nithi
country and Meru Universities for science and Technological (MUST) at
Nchiru Meru country have since been
established, several other institution f higher
learning including the University of Nairobi Egirton University,
Kenyatta University of Nairobi, Co-operative University college, Nazarene
University and Mount Kenya University have established their satellite
campuses, in area making the greater Meru a key education have in Kenya.
THEIR FOOD ECONOMY AND ACTIVITIES.
The Meru are primary agrarian growing a
variety of crops and keep livestock. The greater Meru is endowed with soil and
climatic conditions that allow for the production of variety commodities
including wheat, barley, potatoes, millet, sorghum and maize. High grade tea,
banana abd Miraa are key xash crops. The Meru were indeed the first Africans to
grow coffee in Kenya in early 1930’s upo the implementation of the Devonshire
white paper of 1923. Other crops included groundnuts and a wide range of
legumes, vegetable and fruits. The Meru are also keepers of livestock both for
substance and commercial purpose. These include the daily and beef cattle’s,
goats, sheep poultry and honey bees. Besides the area has huge potential for
tourism by vintire across mount Meru National park and lewa conservancy.
KILWA EMPIRE
The Kilwa
Sultanate, centered at
Kilwa (in modern
day Tanzania) , whose
authority at its
height, stretched over
the Swahili coast.
It was founded in 10th century
by Ali Ibn
Al-Hassan Shirazi, a
Persian prince of
Shirazi. His Family
ruled the Sultanate
until the year
1277. It was
replaced by the
Arabs family of
Abu Moaheb until
1505, when it
was overthrown by
a Portuguese invasion.
By 1513 the
Sultanate was already
fragmented into smaller
states, many of which
became protectorates of
the Sultanate of
Oman.
James Hasting,
Encyclopedia of Religion
and Ethics part
24, (Kessinger Publishing
2003, pg 847)
The history of Kilwa
begins around 960—1000
AD. Ali ibn
AL-Hassan Shiraz was
one of seven
sons ruler of
Shiraz, Persian his
mother an Abyssinian
slave. Upon his
father’s death, ali
was driven out
of his inheritance
by his brothers
setting soil out
of Hormuz, Ali
ibn Al-Hassan His
house hold and a
small group of
follower first made
their way to Mogadishu,
the main commercial
city of East Africa
coast. However Ali
failed to get
along with the
city Somalia elite
and was soon
driven out of
that city as
well.
Steering down
the African coast,
Ali is said
“the have
purchased the island of
Kilwa from the
local Bantu inhabitant”
According
to chorine (strong
1895)
“Kilwa was
originally owned by a mainland
Bantu king ‘Almuli’
and connected by
a small land
bridge to the
mainland that appeared
in low tide”[8]
The king
agreed to sell
it Ali ibn-Al-Hassan
for as small
colored cloth as
could cover the circumference of the
island. But when
the king later
changed his mind,
and tried to
take it back,
the Persians had
dug up the
land bridge, and
kilwa was now
island.
Kilwa fortuitous
position made it
a much better
East African trade
center than Mogadishu.
It quickly began
to attract mamy
mechants and immagrants
from further north,
including Persia and
Arabia. In just
few years, the
colony big enough
to establish a satellite
settlement at near
by Mafia island.
At the
Zenith of its
power in the 15th c.
the kilwa Sultanate
owned or claimed
overlordship over the
mainland cities of
Malindi, Inhambane and
Sofala and the
island states of
Mombasa, Pemba, Zanzibar,
Mafia, Comoro and
Mozambique now is often
referred to as the “Swahili
coast”
The Muslims
of kilwa would
often refer to themselves
generally as Shirazi
or Arabs and
to the unconverted Bantu people
of the mainland
as Zanj or
Khaffirs.
The major
foods of Kilwa
people was Grains
(millet and rice)
meats and other
necessary supplies to
feed the large
city populations had to be
purchased from the
Bantu peoples of the
interior.
There was
little or no
agriculture carried on
within the boundaries
of Sultanate.
ECONOMIC
ACTIVITIES OF KILWA
SULTANATE:-
The kilwa
Sulatanate was almost
wholly dependent on
external commerce. Kilwa
trader from the
coast encourage the
development of marked
towns in the
Bantu dominated highlands
of what are
now Kenya, Tanzania,
Mozambique and Zimbabwe.
The Kilwan mode
living was as
middlemen traders, importing
manufactured goods like
cloth from Arabia
and India which
were the sapped
in the highland
market towns for
Bantu-produced agricultural commodities
(grain, meats) for
their own subsistence
and precious raw
materials like Gold
and ivory which
they would export
back to Asia.
The Exception
was the coconut
palm tree “Grown
along the coast”
the coconut palm
was the mainstay of kilwa
life in every
way. Not only
for fruits, but also
for timber, thatching
and weaving, Kilwa merchants
ships from the
large lateen-rigged ‘Dhowa’
that ploughed the
open oceans to
the small ‘Zambucs’
used for local
transit were usually
built from the
split trunks of
coconut palm wood,
their sails made
from coconut leaf
malting and the
ships held together by
coconut coir
The Kilwa
Sultanate conducted extensive
trade with Arabia,
Persia, and across
through the Indian
ocean to India.
Kilwan ships made use of the
seasonal “Monsoon wind”
to sail across
to India in
the summer and
back to africa
in the winter.
THE DECLAIN
AND FALL OF
KILWA SULTANATE:-
In its later
years, the sultans
of Kilwa began falling
into their ambition
ministers (viziers and
emirs), who played
the roles of
Kingmakers and de
facto rulers, occasionally
tried to foist
themselves (or one
of their member
family) on the
throne, in competition
with the royal
dynast. The most
successful was probably
Emir Muhammad kiwabi,
who ruled kilwa
for nearly two
decades through several
Sultans, including himself
at one point.
In 1489
to 1490 Portuguese Scout
Pero da Coviha,
disguished as an
Arabs merchants, had
travelled the length
of the kilwa and
visited the ports
of Malindi, Kilwa
and Sofala and
delivered his Scouting
report back to
Lisbon, describing the
condition of Kilwa
Sultanate in quite some
detail. The first
Portuguese ships, under
Vasco da Gama,
on their way to
india, reached the
Sultanate in 1497.
Gama made contact
with the Kilwa
vassals of Mozambique,
Mombasa and Malindi,
seeking to secure
their cooperation as
staging posts for
the Portuguese India
Armadas.
The Portuguese
rule was not
welcome. Particularly granting
was the imposition
of Portuguese Merchantilists laws
on the Sultanate,
forbidding all but
Portuguese ships to
carry trade to
the principal coast
towns-essentially Putting many
leading kilwan merchants
out of business.
Therefore after
Sultan Ruled kilwa
Sultanate and the
coming of Portuguese,
the Kilwa Sultanate fall
down due to
various wars took
place and cause
the decline of the Sultanate
of Kilwa. And
the coming of
Portuguese contributed much
to the fal down
of this Sultanate.
Because the Portuguese
coming with their
own rules and
make misunderstand with
the kilwan therefore
decline.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:-
Abel Mutabi Mushenga (1995)
AN ADVANCED APPROACH TO
AFRICAN HISTORY; Kampala Uganda Grapet Traders
Don Leeming, Irene
Mwaka and Asaph Kigozi ( ) HISTORY
OF EAST AFRICA; Longman Publisher
Kimambo I.N (1969) HISTORY OF TANZANIA; EAPH, Nairobi
Shillington K
(2005) HISTORY OF AFRICA; Revised 2nd Edition New York.
[1]
Shillington K (2005) HISTORY OF AFRICA; Revised 2nd
Edition New York.
[2]
Don
Leeming, Irene Mwaka and Asaph Kigozi (
) HISTORY OF EAST AFRICA; Longman Publisher page 58
[3]
Kimambo
I.N (1969) HISTORY OF TANZANIA;
EAPH, Nairobi page 18
[4] Kimambo I.N
(1969) HISTORY OF TANZANIA;
EAPH, Nairobi
[5]
Abel Mutabi Mushenga
(1995) AN ADVANCED APPROACH TO AFRICAN HISTORY; Kampala Uganda
Grapet Traders
[6] Ibid
[7]
Abel Mutabi Mushenga
(1995) AN ADVANCED APPROACH TO AFRICAN HISTORY; Kampala Uganda
Grapet Traders
[8]
Abel Mutabi Mushenga
(1995) AN ADVANCED APPROACH TO AFRICAN HISTORY; Kampala Uganda
Grapet Traders
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I was diagnosed with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) four years ago. For over two years, I relied on prescription medications and therapies, but unfortunately, the symptoms continued to worsen. My breathing became more laboured, and I experienced increasing fatigue and shortness of breath with even minimal activity.Last year, out of desperation and hope, I decided to try an herbal treatment program from NaturePath Herbal Clinic.Honestly, I was skeptical at first, but within a few months of starting the treatment, I began to notice real changes. My breathing became easier, the tightness in my chest eased, and I felt more energetic and capable in my daily life. Incredibly, I also regained much of my stamina and confidence. It’s been a life-changing experience I feel more like myself again, better than I’ve felt in years.If you or a loved one is struggling with IPF, I truly recommend looking into their natural approach. You can visit their website at www.naturepathherbalclinic.com their email info@naturepathherbalclinic.com
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