MEANING OF COLONIALISM
Colonialism is the establishment,
exploitation, maintenance, acquisition and expansion of colonies in one
territory by people from another territory. It is a set of unequal relationships between the colonial
power and the colony and often between the colonialist and the indigenous.
The
European colonial era was the era from the 16th century when several
European powers established colonies in Asia Africa and the America.
MEANING
OF NEO COLONIALISM
Is
the representation of imperialism in its final and perhaps it’s most dangerous
stage. In the past it was possible to convert a country upon which a
neo-colonial regime had been imposed Egypt in the nineteenth century is an
example into a colonial territory. They argue that in order to qualify for
these loans (as well as other forms of economic aid), weaker nations are forced
to take steps favorable (structural adjustments) to the financial interests of
the IMF/WB,detrimental
to their own economies and often
safety, increasin rather than alleviating their poverty.
Critics of neocolonialism portray the choice
to grant or to refuse granting loans (particularly those financing otherwise
unpayable Third World debt), especially by international financial institutions
such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, as a decisive form
of control. They argue that in order to qualify for these loans (as well as
other forms of economic aid), weaker nations are forced to take steps
favourable (structural adjustments) to the financial interests of the IMF/WB, but
detrimental to their own economies and often safety, increasing rather than
alleviating their poverty.
critics emphasize that neocolonialism
allows certain cartels of states, such as the World Bank, to control and
exploit (usually) lesser developed countries (LDCs) by fostering debt. In
effect, third world rulers give concessions and monopolies to foreign
corporations in return for consolidation of power and monetary bribes. In most
cases, much of the money loaned to these LDCs is returned to Some the favored
foreign corporations. Thus, these foreign loans are, in effect, subsidies to
crony corporations of the loaning state's rulers. This collusion is sometimes
referred to as "the corporatocracy." Organizations accused of
participating in neo-imperialism include the World Bank,
“World
Trade Organization and Group of Eight, and the World Economic Forum. Various
"first world" states, notably the United States, are said to be
involved. An insider's first-hand description of the corporatocracy is described
in the book Confessions of an Economic Hitman by John Perkins.”[1]
BACK GROUND OF NEO-COLONIZATION
The term “neo-colonialism” has been
used to refer to a variety of context since the decolonization that took place after world war two. Generally it
does not refer to any type of direct colonization, but colonialism by other
means. Specifically, neo-colonialism refers to the theory that former or
existing economic relationship- the general agreement on tariffs and trade
(GATT) and the central American free trade agreement –are used to maintain
control of former colonies after formal
independence was achieved. In broader usage , neo-colonialism may simply
refer to the involvement of powerful countries in the affairs of less powerful
countries; this is especially relevant in modern Latin America. In this sense,
neo-colonialism implies a form of economic imperialism
MEANING OFDEVELOPING
COUNTRIES
is a nation with a lower living standard,
underdeveloped industrial base, and low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to
other countries. There is no universal, agreed-upon criterion for what makes a
country developing versus developed and which countries fit these two
categories, although there are general reference points such as a nation's GDP
per capita compared to other nations.
ECONOMIC
METHODS TO ELIMINATE NEO COLONIALISM.
To avoid
individual monopoly economic and political power, African countries
should diversity their economies from monoculture to both industrial and
Agricultural sector, Agriculture in South Africa contributes around 10% of
formal employment, relatively low compared to other parts of Africa, as well as
providing work for casual laborers and contributing around 2.6 percent of GDP
for the nation. The South African government has set
a target of transferring 30% of productive farmland from whites to 'previously
disadvantaged' blacks by 2014. Land reform has been criticized both by farmers'
groups and by landless workers, the latter alleging that the pace of change has
not been fast enough, and the former alleging 'racist' treatment and expressing
concerns that a similar situation to Zimbabwe's land reform policy may develop, a fear exacerbated by comments made by former
deputy president PhumzileMlambo-Ngcuka
“The government has been accused of
either putting in too much effort, or not enough effort, to tackle
the problem of farm attacks as opposed to other forms of
violent crime.”[2]
Africa should develop their own science and technology, Science and
technology in Africa, has unfolded since the dawn of
human history; the first evidence often use by
our hominid ancestors is interred in
valleys across Sub-Saharan Africa. Currently, forty percent of African-born
scientists live in OECD countries, predominantly NATO and EU countries. This
has been described as an African brain. Although parks have a long history in the
US and Europe, their presence across Africa is still limited, as the continent currently
lags behind other regions of the world in terms of funding technological
development and innovation.
“In recent years, a greater volume of African countries have
embraced technology as a driver of and Rwanda's rapid ICT growth.
Telecom innovation in particular has broadly improved quality of life across
sub-Saharan Africa. Also, continent-wide membership in social networking
sites such as Face
book and Tokea! has risen to over 100,000 by 2012”[3]
By
development self-sustainable and self-reliance Economies, the
developing countries must have enough sustainable economy so as to
overcome the problem of poverty in the countries. Agriculture in South Africa contributes
around 10% of formal employment, relatively low compared to other parts of
Africa, as well as providing work for casual laborers and contributing around
2.6 percent of GDP for the nation. The South African
government has set a target of transferring 30% of productive farmland from
whites to 'previously disadvantaged' blacks by 2014. Land reform has been
criticized both by farmers' groups and by landless workers, the latter alleging
that the pace of change has not been fast enough, and the former alleging
'racist' treatment and expressing concerns that a similar situation to Zimbabwe's land reform policy may develop, a fear exacerbated by comments made by
former deputy president Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka.
“The government has been accused of either putting in too much effort, or
not enough effort to tackle the problem of farm attacks as opposed to other forms of violent crime.”[4]
Regaining
control of their own economy, which can make them free of neo-colonialism.
Through the process of decolonization many of developing countries seems to be
free from the hand of colonialism but was not true they came with another
exploitation term which is neo-colonialism . In order to escape this they must
regain control of their own economy.
“Through the
process of decolonization that began in
most African territories. The third world
countries must
regain the controlling and maintain their
economies and
make sure that these countries must benefit
from their
economy. Human
who is incapable of thinking in a subjective
way of his or
her own way so as to control his or her own
economy.”[5]
The
establishing the use of their own natural and human resources. When these third
world countries use their natural resources effectively they can manage to
eliminate the neo-colonialism in their countries. There is a lot of natural
resources in developing countries which can cause to encourage the development
and when used effectively also it can eliminate the neo-colonialism easily.
“Without them
your enemies will always feel free
to kick sand into your eyes. Successful and
detection
of future will required more resources
increase sharing
of intelligences. In order to eliminate
neo-colonialism
into practice there is the possibility of that
situations of
using our own natural and human resources to
the development
of the nation. The countries must manage to
control their own natural
resource
The concentrating resources on expansion and growth of the economy. This means that the developing countries must concentrate much on the resources so as to make their economy to grow smoothly. They can concentrate by use it effectively so through this they can manage to eliminate the neo-colonialism because of their controlling of their resources in bringing about development.
The concentrating resources on expansion and growth of the economy. This means that the developing countries must concentrate much on the resources so as to make their economy to grow smoothly. They can concentrate by use it effectively so through this they can manage to eliminate the neo-colonialism because of their controlling of their resources in bringing about development.
“The
nonproliferation system is going to work existing
approaches will need to be improved and
expanded Successful
and early detection of future. These nations
must concentrate on how
these economic growth and at the micro-level
between interventions to
provide and
lead to expansion of human resources.”[7]
SOCIAL
METHODS TO ELIMINATE NEO COLONIALISM .
Avoid civil war and conflict,
the conflicts that we are talking about is among developing countries
themselves for instance in South Sudan, but the country could as the power
struggle between President Savakis and former Vice President RiekMachar
continues.Germany's new Foreign Minister Frank Walter Steamier along with his
international colleagues warned that the conflict must not spread to the rest
of the county. Hundreds of people got
killed in the weeks before Christmas, tens of thousands are on the run. What
began in the capital Juba has already reached some of the provinces although
"most people in South Sudan are not affected," as expert
MareikeSchomerus of the London School of Economics told DW.
Different ethnics groups in the region have
been fighting with each other for decades. Sudan had to endure almost 50 years
of civil war until a 2005 peace deal was achieved. More than 2 million people
died in the conflict. Rebel groups from the south rose up against the government
in the north and since the 1980s the insurgency was mostly conducted by the
Sudan People's Liberation Army of John Garang.
“theDinka, the largest
ethnic group making up
around 40 percent of the population. Machar,
who's now accused of instigating
a coup against
Kiir, is a member of the Nuer
group which makes
up around 20 percent of the 8
million to 9 million
people in the country. Those
ethnic groups are being
mobilizied.”[8]
Africa should reject the
western culture and dressing, in order to eliminate the neo colonialism
must be to reject it for example, Arab
culture refers to the culture in the countries in which the
official language is Arabic (although the Arabic language in some of them is
the language of minority), and the west officials and scholars used to call
them "Arab countries" of Western Asia and North Africa,
from Morocco to the Arabian Sea. Language, literature, gastronomy,
art, architecture, music, spirituality, philosophy, and mysticism (etc.) are
all part of the cultural heritage of the pan-Arab world.The Arab world is sometimes divided into separate regions
including Nile Valley (consisting of Egypt and Sudan), Al-Maghrib
Al-Arabi (consisting of Libya,
Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and Mauritania),Fertile
Crescent (consisting of Iraq, Kuwait,
Lebanon, Syria, Palestine and Jordan) and theArabian
Peninsula (consisting of Iraq,
Jordan, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Oman and the UAE) and the Arabian
Peninsula's Al-Janoub Al-Arabi (consisting of Yemen and Oman).
“The Arab Culture is divided into three main
parts, the Urban
Culture (Al-Hadar), the Rural
Culture (Al-Reef), and the Nomad
Culture (Al-Badow). Typically,
countries like Egypt, Iraq, Syria,
Yemen, Sudan, and Morocco are
considered Rural Cultures, while
Saudi Arabia, Libya, Mauritania
and Jordan are considered Badow
(Bedouins).”[9]
To protect the
African moral, The ideas and beliefs about moral conduct are
articulated, analyzed, and interpreted by the moral thinkers of the
society.African societies, as organized and functioning human communities, have
undoubtedly evolved ethical systems—ethical values, principles, rules—intended
to guide social and moral behavior. But and interpretation. In the last three
decades or so, attempts have been made by contemporary African philosophers to
give sustained reflective attention to African moral ideas. This entry is intended
to make some contribution to the understanding of African ethical thinking.
“The entry makes the African moral language its point of
departure, for the language of morality gives insight into the moral thinking
or ideas of the society. The centrality of the notions of character and moral
personhood,”.[10]
POLITICAL METHOD TO ELIMINATE NEO
COLONIALISM
The third world countries should formulate their own democracy. Democracy promotion” or “democracy support” in Kenya has been whether there is something that can be done to assist Kenyans in building meaningful, coherent political parties that are more than amorphous vehicles for individual ambitions and a “tribal” spoils system. .
The third world countries should formulate their own democracy. Democracy promotion” or “democracy support” in Kenya has been whether there is something that can be done to assist Kenyans in building meaningful, coherent political parties that are more than amorphous vehicles for individual ambitions and a “tribal” spoils system. .
“ Certainly Uhuru’s
record as a party builder is not encouraging. After being tapped as KANU
leader by Moi in 2002 and losing to Kibaki he kept leadership of the party
(with Ruto as a Secretary General) and was one of the leading figures in the
formation of the Orange Democratic Movement as leader of the Official
Opposition in Parliament, campaigning against the “Wako Draft” constitution in
Central Province during the November 2005 referendum”[11]
Africa should encourage and strengthen The regional integration, Regional integration is a process in which states enter into a regional agreement in order to enhance regional cooperation through regional institutions and rules. The objectives of the agreement could range from economic to political to environmental, although it has typically taken the form of a political economy initiative where commercial interests have been the focus for achieving broader socio-political and security objectives.
Africa should encourage and strengthen The regional integration, Regional integration is a process in which states enter into a regional agreement in order to enhance regional cooperation through regional institutions and rules. The objectives of the agreement could range from economic to political to environmental, although it has typically taken the form of a political economy initiative where commercial interests have been the focus for achieving broader socio-political and security objectives.
“trade which
focuses on economic exchange primarily
between countries of the same region or economic zone. In recent years
countries within economic-trade regimes such as SEAN in Southeast Asia for example have increased the level of
trade and commodity exchange reduces foreign markets resulting in growing prosperity” protect democrats; support the development of
information technology in Africa.”[12].
CULTURAL METHODS TO ELIMINATE NEO
COLONIALISM.
To maintain African culture,
The culture of Africa is varied and manifold. It is a product of the diverse
populations that today inhabit the continent of Africa and the African
Diaspora. Like much of the world, it has
been impacted upon by both internal and external forces.in Northwest Africa)
shares similar properties with the Grand
boubou, the Dashiki, and the Senegalese. in Nigeria women were head ties In Sahel Ian Africa, the dashiki.
“ Cultural imperialism or
cultural dependency occurs
with the western countries
influence on the language,
values and altitudes
(including religion), ways of
organizing public life ,
style of politics, forms of
education and professional
training, clothing style
and many other cultural
habits. It creates a new kinds
of model of dominations called
neo-colonialism which
has sparked new kind of
struggle to eradicate this enduring
cultural influence in the
third world.”[13]
The control of tradition medicine, also is another method of
eliminating the neo-colonialism to the
third world countries. This means there were tradition medicine which were
used but after neo-colonialism to take
place they destroy the tradition medicine and introduce the western medicine
which is not much good for our health.
“The western medicine
seems to be better than
tradition medicines
for faceless investors to mass
global travel is as
relentless and destruct the tradition
medicine. The
traditional medicine were destroyed by
European aggression
during the times by neo-colonialism
which cause
underdevelopment of the third world countries.” [14]
IMPACTS
OF NEO COLONIAL IN DEVEPMENT COUNTRIES.
Dependence of economy, Much of Africa
relies on foreign aid, despite economic growth in parts of the continent
significantly outpacing the global average. With many Western donors
re-examining their foreign aid commitments as a result of economic downturns at
home, changes are afoot and new alliances are being forged. The UK has
announced that it will stop giving direct aid to South Africa in 2015, arguing
that the progress made since the end of apartheid means it no longer needs aid
currently worth £19m a year. While the decision to stop helping Africa’s
biggest economy seems relatively straightforward, decisions to allocate or halt
aid can sometimes be politically charge
Decline of Africa industries, The decline of the of
industries in Africa is caused due to the damping of goods and importing their
modern industries lead the decline of industries and also in Africa and also In
the IMF’s view, the industrial countries are the United States, the United
Kingdom, most West European nations, Canada and Japan. A special category called“other
developed areas” includes such other European lands as Finland, Greece and
Ireland, plus Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.
“There is no shortage of economic
growth in Africa. Several countries have enjoyed growth in income per person of
more than 5% a year since 2007. Yet in countries like Zambia, the country’s
rising GDP has passed much of the population by..”[15]
Destruction
of African economy, the production of merchandise for use or sale using
labor and machines, tools, chemical and
biological processing, or formulation. The term may refer to a range of human
activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied
to industrial production, in which raw materials are
transformed into finished on a large scale.
Source
of Globalization in Africa, The Impact of
Globalization on Africa's Social and Economic Conditions In the twentieth
century, the phenomenon of globalization rapidly swept across the world
forcefully and powerfully. The very concept of globalization is difficult to
exactly define, as it has vast meanings to a vast number of people.
Globalization is a relatively new term used to describe a very old process
“There are several aspects of globalization that are not
debated. Globalization certainly has not affected all people equally.
Additionally, one may convincingly argue that globalization is driven by”. [16]
Formal
education, Formal learning, normally delivered by trained teachers in a systematic
intentional way within a school, academy/college/institute or university, is
one of three forms of learning as defined by the OECD, the others being informal learning,
which typically takes place naturally as part of some other activity, and non-formal learning, which includes everything else, such as sports instruction
provided by non-trained educators without a formal curriculum
Increase of unemployment, it
occurs when people are without work and actively seeking work.]The unemployment
rate is a measure of the prevalence of unemployment and it is
calculated as a percentage by dividing the number of unemployed individuals by
all individuals currently in the labor force.
During periods of recession, an economy usually experiences a relatively high
unemployment rate.] According
to International Labor Organization report,
more than 197 million people globally are out of work or 6% of the world's
workforce were without a job in 2012.
Separation of families, As opposed to the mountains of luggage that
usually accompany our family trips, this time I was taking a single suitcase
and a slim briefcase, which should have made things easier, only it didn’t.
After being the one to “woman” the fort solo and see my husband off on countless
trips since our marriage, this time it was my turn to fly, his
to stay behind. And there I was at the last moment, still fiddling around with
all the lists I’d drawn up earlier I’d left my husband, my four babies (one’s
taller than I am!) and a big chunk of my heart behind for the first time since
they were born. We were being re-baptized into the growing community of people
experiencing separation.
A spread disease, disease is an abnormal condition that
affects the body of an organism. It is often construed as medical
condition associated with specific symptoms and signs.[1] It
may be caused by factors originally from an external source, such as infectious disease, or it may be caused by
internal dysfunctions, such as autoimmune diseases. In humans,
"disease" is often used more broadly to refer to any condition that
causes pain, dysfunction,
distress, social problems, or death to the person
afflicted, or similar problems for those in contact with the person.
Increase
of insecurity, is the measure of the stability of an individual's emotional
state. A person whose general happiness is
not very shaken even by major disturbances in the pattern or fabric of
their life might be said to be extremely emotionally secure.
“Describes an
insecure person as a person who "perceives the world as a threatening
jungle and most human beings as dangerous and selfish; feels a rejected and
isolated person, anxious and hostile; is generally “pessimistic and unhappy;.”[17]
Low free and election,
multiparty elections have taken root in Africa, with five presidential votes
and 12 parliamentary and legislative elections held in 2012. Since the 1990s an
increasing number of African countries have introduced elections, legalized
multiparty systems and fixed-term limits for elected leaders. However, the
interruption of two presidential election campaigns in 2012 by
military coups – in Mali and Guinea-Bissau illustrates the fragility of democratic
progress. New evidence has shown that democratization since the 1960s has
encouraged income growth.
"Scribing a
type of foreign intervention, because of "Neo-colonialism" became the
standard term, de its practical and historical application to the internal
affairs (economic, social, and political) of the countries of the Pan-Africans
movement and because of its like usage in the Bandung Conference (Asian–African Conference”[18]
Increase of terrorism in Africa
In the neo-colonialist territories, since the former colonial power has in
theory relinquished political control, if the social conditions occasioned by
neo-colonialism because a revolt the local neo-colonialist government can be
sacrificed and another equally subservient one substituted in its place. On the
other hand, in any continent where neo-colonialism exists on a wide scale the
same social pressures which can produce revolts in neo-colonial territories
will also affect those States which have refused to accept the system and
therefore neo-colonialist nations have a ready-made weapon with which they can
threaten their opponents if they appear successfully to be challenging the
system.
CONCLUSION
In addition to that the neo-colonialism is the silence killer to
developing countries because it exploit the third world countries without
knowing themselves. Also this situation need a good plan foe eliminating it so
the government must be provided to all
people of developing countries must be encouraged to make or to formulate a
certain community which can unity them in eliminating this form of colonialism
which is the last form of imperialism. Then education must be provided to all
people of developing nation so as all people to aware on what is going on so as
can encouraged people to unite together and to eliminate all forms of
colonialism in developing countries. After eliminating these forms of
colonialism the third word countries can manage to make changes and develop their
countries. , furthermore,
in the forms or patterns of behavior that are considered by the members of the
society to bring about social harmony and cooperative living, justice, and
fairness.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
A
figho ,A.E,Ayandele E, ( 1986),Neo colonialism
in Africa,long group
Africa
literature, bureau,Nairobi.
B.H.
Warmington, (1960), Neo colonialism
in african countries
Braudel, Fernand (1984), The
perspective of the world. Vol III
book one,dup, ltd,Dsm,2000.
Edward
William Bovill, (1986), The
golden trade of the england: Oxford
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Oliver
Rolanda and Atmore Anthony,(1967), Africa
since 1800,Cambridge , Vikør
Bergen.
Philip
J.(1978),African history,
Nairobi; little, brown and company ,Boston
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[1]Shillington, Kevin (1989, 1995). History
of neo colonialism in africa, . St. Martin's Press, New York.
[2]Walter Rodney:how
european underdeveloped africa ,English press,NAIROB,1989.pg 90
[3]B.H. Warmington, (1960), neo
colonialism in african countries Vikør
Bergen,pg644
[4]A figho ,A.E,Ayandele E, ( 1986) neo colonialism in
africa,long groupultd ,ltd England
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[5]
Nkurumah K.(1966), Neo-colonoalism: The last stage of imperialism.
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Rodney W.(1989), How Europe underdeveloped Africa. Nairobi; English
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[8]
Phillip C.(1978), friAcan history. Boston; little, Brown and company.
[9]
Semakula K.(1972), From colonialism
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[11]National Geographic Channel (2001).Neo- colonialism to Africa (TV/Video).Edward William Bovill, The Golden
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[12]Bhilipcultin(1978),african history ,little,brown
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[13]
Lee A. et al (2001), The media globe: Trends in international mass media.
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[14]
Paula A. et al (2012), An encyclopedia of life in the republic. Voln 1.
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[15]Semakulakiwanuka
(1972),fom colonialism to new
colonialism east Africa
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[17]Mbwilizi,J.F
;THE DEVELOPMENT OF AFRICA SOCIETIES UP TO THE 19 TH C,BOOK
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[18]Semakulakiwanuka
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